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Depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, and disruptions in thinking, energy, or daily functioning that interfere with one’s ability to carry out daily activities. For years, depression was widely believed to result primarily from a “chemical imbalance” related to serotonin. However, a major umbrella review in the [..]

Hip bursitis most often refers to trochanteric bursitis, an inflammation of the trochanteric bursa, a small fluid-filled sac located on the outer side of the hip. The primary symptom is pain on the outside of the hip near the greater trochanter—the bony bump at the top of the femur. The pain may be sharp, dull, [..]

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when pressure within the wrist restricts the function of the median nerve, leading to numbness, tingling, pain, and eventually weakness in the parts of the palm, thumb, index, middle and thumb-side of the ring finger. Management focuses on reducing pressure inside the carpal tunnel, which may include manual therapies, exercises, and [..]

The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is considered the highest level of evidence to establish causal associations and clinical benefits in clinical research (1, 2). Yet, the medical use of opioids in the Unites States for the treatment of pain has been based on very weak evidence, inflicting enormous harms on the US population (3). A [..]

It’s estimated that as many as 50–70% of new mothers experience low back pain and related disability, which can hinder their ability to carry out daily activities such as household chores, self-care, and meeting the physical demands of infant care—including feeding, lifting, and carrying. When severe enough, these physical limitations can contribute to stress, anxiety, [..]

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a long-term inflammation of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa lasting twelve weeks or more, characterized by at least two of the following symptoms: nasal congestion, facial pressure or pain, reduced sense of smell, and/or nasal discharge. It’s estimated that about 1 in 10 adults worldwide are affected, though prevalence may be [..]

A classification method for nerves is to distinguish them as either spinal nerves or cranial nerves: Spinal nerves exit/enter the spinal cord via the intervertebral foramen between two adjacent spinal vertebrae. Cranial nerves exit/enter the brainstem and/or brain via the skull (cranial nerve XI, the spinal accessory nerve, is an exception: it is fully formed from neck nerve roots that enter [..]

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve becomes compressed or restricted as it passes through the wrist. Early on, this may cause mild, intermittent tingling, numbness, or pain in parts of the hand, but over time, symptoms can become more frequent and activity-limiting. While CTS can develop at any age, it’s most common [..]

Most adults will experience shoulder pain at some point during their lifetime, and it’s estimated that nearly one-third of adults are affected each year. Among the many possible diagnoses, shoulder impingement syndrome accounts for roughly half of all shoulder pain cases. However, current understanding indicates that shoulder impingement syndrome is not a single diagnosis, but [..]

Sleep is a fundamental biological necessity that supports vital processes such as brain waste clearance, immune regulation, and nutrient metabolism. While the body can recover from an occasional night of poor rest, frequent sleep disruption can set the stage for chronic disease. Experts estimate that about ten percent of adults meet the criteria for insomnia, [..]

Whiplash occurs when the head suddenly accelerates and then rapidly decelerates, placing excessive strain on the soft tissues that support the neck. In addition to neck pain and stiffness, this motion can produce a variety of symptoms collectively known as whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). To better define and manage these injuries, the Quebec Task Force on [..]

While there are many potential causes of low back pain in older adults, one of the most common—especially among women—is vertebral compression fracture (VCF). By age 80, up to 30% of women and 20% of men will have sustained at least one VCF. Interestingly, only about one-third of cases produce acute, noticeable pain. The remainder [..]